diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/brew.rb b/Library/Homebrew/brew.rb
index d86bc8298c..2fba870a71 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/brew.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/brew.rb
@@ -35,13 +35,6 @@ rescue MissingEnvironmentVariables => e
   exec ENV["HOMEBREW_BREW_FILE"], *ARGV
 end
 
-def output_unsupported_error
-  $stderr.puts <<~EOS
-    Please create pull requests instead of asking for help on Homebrew's GitHub,
-    Discourse, Twitter or IRC.
-  EOS
-end
-
 begin
   trap("INT", std_trap) # restore default CTRL-C handler
 
@@ -150,7 +143,12 @@ rescue BuildError => e
   Utils::Analytics.report_build_error(e)
   e.dump
 
-  output_unsupported_error if e.formula.head? || e.formula.deprecated? || e.formula.disabled?
+  if e.formula.head? || e.formula.deprecated? || e.formula.disabled?
+    $stderr.puts <<~EOS
+      Please create pull requests instead of asking for help on Homebrew's GitHub,
+      Discourse, Twitter or IRC.
+    EOS
+  end
 
   exit 1
 rescue RuntimeError, SystemCallError => e
@@ -159,8 +157,6 @@ rescue RuntimeError, SystemCallError => e
   onoe e
   $stderr.puts e.backtrace if Homebrew.args.debug?
 
-  output_unsupported_error if Homebrew.args.HEAD?
-
   exit 1
 rescue MethodDeprecatedError => e
   onoe e
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/build.rb b/Library/Homebrew/build.rb
index ae725d66ed..2313210c8a 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/build.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/build.rb
@@ -97,7 +97,11 @@ class Build
         bottle_arch:  args.bottle_arch,
       )
       post_superenv_hacks
-      reqs.each { |req| req.modify_build_environment(args: args) }
+      reqs.each do |req|
+        req.modify_build_environment(
+          env: args.env, cc: args.cc, build_bottle: args.build_bottle?, bottle_arch: args.bottle_arch,
+        )
+      end
       deps.each(&:modify_build_environment)
     else
       ENV.setup_build_environment(
@@ -106,7 +110,11 @@ class Build
         build_bottle: args.build_bottle?,
         bottle_arch:  args.bottle_arch,
       )
-      reqs.each { |req| req.modify_build_environment(args: args) }
+      reqs.each do |req|
+        req.modify_build_environment(
+          env: args.env, cc: args.cc, build_bottle: args.build_bottle?, bottle_arch: args.bottle_arch,
+        )
+      end
       deps.each(&:modify_build_environment)
 
       keg_only_deps.each do |dep|
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/cli/args.rb b/Library/Homebrew/cli/args.rb
index b152473f79..0f5353dc25 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/cli/args.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/cli/args.rb
@@ -70,24 +70,11 @@ module Homebrew
         named.blank?
       end
 
-      # If the user passes any flags that trigger building over installing from
-      # a bottle, they are collected here and returned as an Array for checking.
-      def collect_build_args
-        build_flags = []
-
-        build_flags << "--HEAD" if HEAD?
-        build_flags << "--universal" if build_universal?
-        build_flags << "--build-bottle" if build_bottle?
-        build_flags << "--build-from-source" if build_from_source?
-
-        build_flags
-      end
-
       def formulae
         require "formula"
 
         @formulae ||= (downcased_unique_named - casks).map do |name|
-          Formulary.factory(name, spec)
+          Formulary.factory(name, spec, force_bottle: force_bottle?, flags: flags_only)
         end.uniq(&:name).freeze
       end
 
@@ -113,7 +100,7 @@ module Homebrew
         require "formula"
 
         @resolved_formulae ||= (downcased_unique_named - casks).map do |name|
-          Formulary.resolve(name, spec: spec(nil))
+          Formulary.resolve(name, spec: spec(nil), force_bottle: force_bottle?, flags: flags_only)
         end.uniq(&:name).freeze
       end
 
@@ -123,7 +110,8 @@ module Homebrew
           casks = []
 
           downcased_unique_named.each do |name|
-            resolved_formulae << Formulary.resolve(name, spec: spec(nil))
+            resolved_formulae << Formulary.resolve(name, spec: spec(nil),
+                                                   force_bottle: force_bottle?, flags: flags_only)
           rescue FormulaUnavailableError
             begin
               casks << Cask::CaskLoader.load(name)
@@ -181,18 +169,20 @@ module Homebrew
         !(HEAD? || devel?)
       end
 
-      # Whether a given formula should be built from source during the current
-      # installation run.
-      def build_formula_from_source?(f)
-        return false if !build_from_source? && !build_bottle?
-
-        formulae.any? { |args_f| args_f.full_name == f.full_name }
+      def build_from_source_formulae
+        if build_from_source? || build_bottle?
+          formulae.map(&:full_name)
+        else
+          []
+        end
       end
 
-      def include_formula_test_deps?(f)
-        return false unless include_test?
-
-        formulae.any? { |args_f| args_f.full_name == f.full_name }
+      def include_test_formulae
+        if include_test?
+          formulae.map(&:full_name)
+        else
+          []
+        end
       end
 
       def value(name)
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/cli/parser.rb b/Library/Homebrew/cli/parser.rb
index dafa7a59d2..64a5c3c495 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/cli/parser.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/cli/parser.rb
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ module Homebrew
         named_args.map do |arg|
           next if arg.match?(HOMEBREW_CASK_TAP_CASK_REGEX)
 
-          Formulary.factory(arg, spec)
+          Formulary.factory(arg, spec, flags: @args.flags_only)
         end.compact.uniq(&:name)
       end
     end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/--cache.rb b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/--cache.rb
index 191f018c3f..bd6018efe4 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/--cache.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/--cache.rb
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ module Homebrew
   end
 
   def __cache
-    __cache_args.parse
+    args = __cache_args.parse
 
     if args.no_named?
       puts HOMEBREW_CACHE
     elsif args.formula?
       args.named.each do |name|
-        print_formula_cache name
+        print_formula_cache name, args: args
       end
     elsif args.cask?
       args.named.each do |name|
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ module Homebrew
       end
     else
       args.named.each do |name|
-        print_formula_cache name
+        print_formula_cache name, args: args
       rescue FormulaUnavailableError
         begin
           print_cask_cache name
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ module Homebrew
     end
   end
 
-  def print_formula_cache(name)
-    formula = Formulary.factory name
-    if fetch_bottle?(formula)
+  def print_formula_cache(name, args:)
+    formula = Formulary.factory(name, force_bottle: args.force_bottle?, flags: args.flags_only)
+    if fetch_bottle?(formula, args: args)
       puts formula.bottle.cached_download
     else
       puts formula.cached_download
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/fetch.rb b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/fetch.rb
index e0dab2af95..fbf45cfcf2 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/fetch.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/fetch.rb
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ module Homebrew
   end
 
   def fetch
-    fetch_args.parse
+    args = fetch_args.parse
 
     if args.deps?
       bucket = []
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ module Homebrew
       f.print_tap_action verb: "Fetching"
 
       fetched_bottle = false
-      if fetch_bottle?(f)
+      if fetch_bottle?(f, args: args)
         begin
           fetch_formula(f.bottle)
         rescue Interrupt
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/gist-logs.rb b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/gist-logs.rb
index 346ee8ab6e..912266b6df 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/gist-logs.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/gist-logs.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ require "socket"
 require "cli/parser"
 
 module Homebrew
+  extend Install
+
   module_function
 
   def gist_logs_args
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/info.rb b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/info.rb
index 8a3cb6ae52..c43101e7f7 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/info.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/info.rb
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ module Homebrew
   def decorate_requirements(requirements)
     req_status = requirements.map do |req|
       req_s = req.display_s
-      req.satisfied?(args: args) ? pretty_installed(req_s) : pretty_uninstalled(req_s)
+      req.satisfied? ? pretty_installed(req_s) : pretty_uninstalled(req_s)
     end
     req_status.join(", ")
   end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/install.rb b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/install.rb
index 7725ef1a11..893ec43a93 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/install.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/install.rb
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ require "cli/parser"
 require "upgrade"
 
 module Homebrew
-  module_function
-
   extend Search
 
+  module_function
+
   def install_args
     Homebrew::CLI::Parser.new do
       usage_banner <<~EOS
@@ -115,13 +115,13 @@ module Homebrew
 
     formulae = []
 
-    unless Homebrew.args.casks.empty?
+    unless args.casks.empty?
       cask_args = []
       cask_args << "--force" if args.force?
       cask_args << "--debug" if args.debug?
       cask_args << "--verbose" if args.verbose?
 
-      Homebrew.args.casks.each do |c|
+      args.casks.each do |c|
         ohai "brew cask install #{c} #{cask_args.join " "}"
         system("#{HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/bin/brew", "cask", "install", c, *cask_args)
       end
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ module Homebrew
 
     # if the user's flags will prevent bottle only-installations when no
     # developer tools are available, we need to stop them early on
-    FormulaInstaller.prevent_build_flags unless DevelopmentTools.installed?
+    FormulaInstaller.prevent_build_flags(args)
 
     args.formulae.each do |f|
       # head-only without --HEAD is an error
@@ -255,17 +255,17 @@ module Homebrew
 
     return if formulae.empty?
 
-    Install.perform_preinstall_checks
+    Install.perform_preinstall_checks(cc: args.cc)
 
     formulae.each do |f|
-      Migrator.migrate_if_needed(f)
-      install_formula(f)
+      Migrator.migrate_if_needed(f, force: args.force?)
+      install_formula(f, args: args)
       Cleanup.install_formula_clean!(f)
     end
 
     check_installed_dependents(args: args)
 
-    Homebrew.messages.display_messages
+    Homebrew.messages.display_messages(display_times: args.display_times?)
   rescue FormulaUnreadableError, FormulaClassUnavailableError,
          TapFormulaUnreadableError, TapFormulaClassUnavailableError => e
     # Need to rescue before `FormulaUnavailableError` (superclass of this)
@@ -319,12 +319,15 @@ module Homebrew
     end
   end
 
-  def install_formula(f)
+  def install_formula(f, args:)
     f.print_tap_action
     build_options = f.build
 
-    fi = FormulaInstaller.new(f, force_bottle: args.force_bottle?, include_test: args.include_test?,
-                              build_from_source: args.build_from_source?)
+    fi = FormulaInstaller.new(f, force_bottle:               args.force_bottle?,
+                                 include_test:               args.include_test?,
+                                 include_test_formulae:      args.include_test_formulae,
+                                 build_from_source:          args.build_from_source?,
+                                 build_from_source_formulae: args.build_from_source_formulae)
     fi.options              = build_options.used_options
     fi.env                  = args.env
     fi.force                = args.force?
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/migrate.rb b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/migrate.rb
index 55dde86513..a9d3619543 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/migrate.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/migrate.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ module Homebrew
   end
 
   def migrate
-    migrate_args.parse
+    args = migrate_args.parse
 
     args.resolved_formulae.each do |f|
       if f.oldname
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module Homebrew
         raise "#{rack} is a symlink" if rack.symlink?
       end
 
-      migrator = Migrator.new(f)
+      migrator = Migrator.new(f, force: args.force?)
       migrator.migrate
     end
   end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/reinstall.rb b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/reinstall.rb
index 2aca9cb7cd..ea1bca1ace 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/reinstall.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/reinstall.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 require "formula_installer"
 require "development_tools"
 require "messages"
+require "install"
 require "reinstall"
 require "cli/parser"
 require "cleanup"
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ module Homebrew
   def reinstall
     args = reinstall_args.parse
 
-    FormulaInstaller.prevent_build_flags unless DevelopmentTools.installed?
+    FormulaInstaller.prevent_build_flags(args)
 
     Install.perform_preinstall_checks
 
@@ -66,14 +67,14 @@ module Homebrew
         onoe "#{f.full_name} is pinned. You must unpin it to reinstall."
         next
       end
-      Migrator.migrate_if_needed(f)
+      Migrator.migrate_if_needed(f, force: args.force?)
       reinstall_formula(f, args: args)
       Cleanup.install_formula_clean!(f)
     end
 
     check_installed_dependents(args: args)
 
-    Homebrew.messages.display_messages
+    Homebrew.messages.display_messages(display_times: args.display_times?)
 
     return if casks.blank?
 
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/uninstall.rb b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/uninstall.rb
index 64b59a65d4..bc1703acd3 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/uninstall.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/uninstall.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ module Homebrew
   end
 
   def uninstall
-    uninstall_args.parse
+    args = uninstall_args.parse
 
     if args.force?
       casks = []
@@ -54,7 +54,9 @@ module Homebrew
       kegs_by_rack = all_kegs.group_by(&:rack)
     end
 
-    handle_unsatisfied_dependents(kegs_by_rack)
+    handle_unsatisfied_dependents(kegs_by_rack,
+                                  ignore_dependencies: args.ignore_dependencies?,
+                                  named_args:          args.named)
     return if Homebrew.failed?
 
     kegs_by_rack.each do |rack, kegs|
@@ -142,40 +144,41 @@ module Homebrew
     end
   end
 
-  def handle_unsatisfied_dependents(kegs_by_rack)
-    return if args.ignore_dependencies?
+  def handle_unsatisfied_dependents(kegs_by_rack, ignore_dependencies: false, named_args: [])
+    return if ignore_dependencies
 
     all_kegs = kegs_by_rack.values.flatten(1)
-    check_for_dependents all_kegs
+    check_for_dependents(all_kegs, named_args: named_args)
   rescue MethodDeprecatedError
     # Silently ignore deprecations when uninstalling.
     nil
   end
 
-  def check_for_dependents(kegs)
+  def check_for_dependents(kegs, named_args: [])
     return false unless result = Keg.find_some_installed_dependents(kegs)
 
     if Homebrew::EnvConfig.developer?
-      DeveloperDependentsMessage.new(*result).output
+      DeveloperDependentsMessage.new(*result, named_args: named_args).output
     else
-      NondeveloperDependentsMessage.new(*result).output
+      NondeveloperDependentsMessage.new(*result, named_args: named_args).output
     end
 
     true
   end
 
   class DependentsMessage
-    attr_reader :reqs, :deps
+    attr_reader :reqs, :deps, :named_args
 
-    def initialize(requireds, dependents)
+    def initialize(requireds, dependents, named_args: [])
       @reqs = requireds
       @deps = dependents
+      @named_args = named_args
     end
 
     protected
 
     def sample_command
-      "brew uninstall --ignore-dependencies #{Array(Homebrew.args.named).join(" ")}"
+      "brew uninstall --ignore-dependencies #{named_args.join(" ")}"
     end
 
     def are_required_by_deps
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/update-report.rb b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/update-report.rb
index 587af66392..abe5cc1c75 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/update-report.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/update-report.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ module Homebrew
   end
 
   def update_report
-    update_report_args.parse
+    args = update_report_args.parse
 
     if !Utils::Analytics.messages_displayed? &&
        !Utils::Analytics.disabled? &&
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ module Homebrew
       end
       if reporter.updated?
         updated_taps << tap.name
-        hub.add(reporter)
+        hub.add(reporter, preinstall: args.preinstall?)
       end
     end
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ module Homebrew
       else
         hub.dump(updated_formula_report: !args.preinstall?)
         hub.reporters.each(&:migrate_tap_migration)
-        hub.reporters.each(&:migrate_formula_rename)
+        hub.reporters.each { |r| r.migrate_formula_rename(force: args.force?) }
         CacheStoreDatabase.use(:descriptions) do |db|
           DescriptionCacheStore.new(db)
                                .update_from_report!(hub)
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ class Reporter
     raise ReporterRevisionUnsetError, current_revision_var if @current_revision.empty?
   end
 
-  def report
+  def report(preinstall: false)
     return @report if @report
 
     @report = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ class Reporter
         name = tap.formula_file_to_name(src)
 
         # Skip reporting updated formulae to speed up automatic updates.
-        if Homebrew.args.preinstall?
+        if preinstall
           @report[:M] << name
           next
         end
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ class Reporter
     end
   end
 
-  def migrate_formula_rename
+  def migrate_formula_rename(force:)
     Formula.installed.each do |formula|
       next unless Migrator.needs_migration?(formula)
 
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ class Reporter
         next
       end
 
-      Migrator.migrate_if_needed(f)
+      Migrator.migrate_if_needed(f, force: force)
     end
   end
 
@@ -425,9 +425,9 @@ class ReporterHub
     @hash.fetch(key, [])
   end
 
-  def add(reporter)
+  def add(reporter, preinstall: false)
     @reporters << reporter
-    report = reporter.report.delete_if { |_k, v| v.empty? }
+    report = reporter.report(preinstall: preinstall).delete_if { |_k, v| v.empty? }
     @hash.update(report) { |_key, oldval, newval| oldval.concat(newval) }
   end
 
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/upgrade.rb b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/upgrade.rb
index 8eccc812b4..aa1a4c51e7 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/cmd/upgrade.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/cmd/upgrade.rb
@@ -70,12 +70,12 @@ module Homebrew
     named_formulae_specified = !formulae.empty? && casks.empty?
     named_casks_specified = !casks.empty? && formulae.empty?
 
-    upgrade_outdated_formulae(formulae) unless named_casks_specified
+    upgrade_outdated_formulae(formulae, args: args) unless named_casks_specified
     upgrade_outdated_casks(casks) unless named_formulae_specified
   end
 
-  def upgrade_outdated_formulae(formulae)
-    FormulaInstaller.prevent_build_flags unless DevelopmentTools.installed?
+  def upgrade_outdated_formulae(formulae, args:)
+    FormulaInstaller.prevent_build_flags(args)
 
     Install.perform_preinstall_checks
 
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ module Homebrew
 
     check_installed_dependents(args: args)
 
-    Homebrew.messages.display_messages
+    Homebrew.messages.display_messages(display_times: args.display_times?)
   end
 
   def upgrade_outdated_casks(casks)
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/audit.rb b/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/audit.rb
index 97c1f4517f..0c4568cd94 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/audit.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/audit.rb
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ module Homebrew
       }
       options[:style_offenses] = style_results.file_offenses(f.path) if style_results
       options[:display_cop_names] = args.display_cop_names?
+      options[:build_stable] = args.build_stable?
 
       fa = FormulaAuditor.new(f, options)
       fa.audit
@@ -207,6 +208,7 @@ module Homebrew
       @new_formula = options[:new_formula] && !@versioned_formula
       @strict = options[:strict]
       @online = options[:online]
+      @build_stable = options[:build_stable]
       @git = options[:git]
       @display_cop_names = options[:display_cop_names]
       @only = options[:only]
@@ -248,7 +250,7 @@ module Homebrew
           unversioned_name = unversioned_formula.basename(".rb")
           problem "#{formula} is versioned but no #{unversioned_name} formula exists"
         end
-      elsif Homebrew.args.build_stable? && formula.stable? &&
+      elsif @build_stable && formula.stable? &&
             !(versioned_formulae = formula.versioned_formulae).empty?
         versioned_aliases = formula.aliases.grep(/.@\d/)
         _, last_alias_version = versioned_formulae.map(&:name).last.split("@")
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/man.rb b/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/man.rb
index 8d864a7b29..92f1a88599 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/man.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/man.rb
@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ module Homebrew
   end
 
   def man
-    man_args.parse
+    args = man_args.parse
 
     odie "`brew man --link` is now done automatically by `brew update`." if args.link?
 
     Commands.rebuild_internal_commands_completion_list
-    regenerate_man_pages
+    regenerate_man_pages(args: args)
 
     if system "git", "-C", HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY, "diff", "--quiet", "docs/Manpage.md", "manpages", "completions"
       puts "No changes to manpage or completions output detected."
@@ -45,15 +45,15 @@ module Homebrew
     end
   end
 
-  def regenerate_man_pages
+  def regenerate_man_pages(args:)
     Homebrew.install_bundler_gems!
 
     markup = build_man_page
-    convert_man_page(markup, TARGET_DOC_PATH/"Manpage.md")
-    convert_man_page(markup, TARGET_MAN_PATH/"brew.1")
+    convert_man_page(markup, TARGET_DOC_PATH/"Manpage.md", args: args)
+    convert_man_page(markup, TARGET_MAN_PATH/"brew.1", args: args)
 
     cask_markup = (SOURCE_PATH/"brew-cask.1.md").read
-    convert_man_page(cask_markup, TARGET_MAN_PATH/"brew-cask.1")
+    convert_man_page(cask_markup, TARGET_MAN_PATH/"brew-cask.1", args: args)
   end
 
   def build_man_page
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ module Homebrew
     path.basename.to_s.sub(/\.(rb|sh)$/, "").sub(/^--/, "~~")
   end
 
-  def convert_man_page(markup, target)
+  def convert_man_page(markup, target, args:)
     manual = target.basename(".1")
     organisation = "Homebrew"
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ module Homebrew
 
   def generate_cmd_manpages(cmd_paths)
     man_page_lines = []
-    man_args = Homebrew.args
+
     # preserve existing manpage order
     cmd_paths.sort_by(&method(:sort_key_for_path))
              .each do |cmd_path|
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ module Homebrew
 
       man_page_lines << cmd_man_page_lines
     end
-    Homebrew.args = man_args
+
     man_page_lines.compact.join("\n")
   end
 
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/pr-automerge.rb b/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/pr-automerge.rb
index 43d96af0ff..62c6db0395 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/pr-automerge.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/pr-automerge.rb
@@ -32,15 +32,15 @@ module Homebrew
   end
 
   def pr_automerge
-    pr_automerge_args.parse
+    args = pr_automerge_args.parse
 
-    without_labels = Homebrew.args.without_labels || ["do not merge", "new formula"]
-    tap = Tap.fetch(Homebrew.args.tap || CoreTap.instance.name)
+    without_labels = args.without_labels || ["do not merge", "new formula"]
+    tap = Tap.fetch(args.tap || CoreTap.instance.name)
 
     query = "is:pr is:open repo:#{tap.full_name}"
-    query += Homebrew.args.ignore_failures? ? " -status:pending" : " status:success"
-    query += " review:approved" unless Homebrew.args.without_approval?
-    query += " label:\"#{args.with_label}\"" if Homebrew.args.with_label
+    query += args.ignore_failures? ? " -status:pending" : " status:success"
+    query += " review:approved" unless args.without_approval?
+    query += " label:\"#{args.with_label}\"" if args.with_label
     without_labels&.each { |label| query += " -label:\"#{label}\"" }
     odebug "Searching: #{query}"
 
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/style.rb b/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/style.rb
index 80ac45a233..a38f5b2363 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/style.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/style.rb
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ module Homebrew
     only_cops = args.only_cops
     except_cops = args.except_cops
 
-    options = { fix: args.fix? }
+    options = { fix: args.fix?, display_cop_names: args.display_cop_names? }
     if only_cops
       options[:only_cops] = only_cops
     elsif except_cops
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/extend/os/linux/install.rb b/Library/Homebrew/extend/os/linux/install.rb
index 7940896db0..073c0c813d 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/extend/os/linux/install.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/extend/os/linux/install.rb
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ module Homebrew
       FileUtils.ln_sf ld_so, brew_ld_so
     end
 
-    def perform_preinstall_checks(all_fatal: false)
-      generic_perform_preinstall_checks(all_fatal: all_fatal)
+    def perform_preinstall_checks(all_fatal: false, cc: nil)
+      generic_perform_preinstall_checks(all_fatal: all_fatal, cc: cc)
       symlink_ld_so
     end
   end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/fetch.rb b/Library/Homebrew/fetch.rb
index 4db267aa72..7b0e76cd85 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/fetch.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/fetch.rb
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 module Homebrew
   module Fetch
-    def fetch_bottle?(f)
+    def fetch_bottle?(f, args:)
       return true if args.force_bottle? && f.bottle
       return false unless f.bottle && f.pour_bottle?
-      return false if args.build_formula_from_source?(f)
+      return false if args.build_from_source_formulae.include?(f.full_name)
       return false unless f.bottle.compatible_cellar?
 
       true
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/formula.rb b/Library/Homebrew/formula.rb
index ab4734cf57..ad385131e4 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/formula.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/formula.rb
@@ -101,6 +101,10 @@ class Formula
   # @private
   attr_reader :tap
 
+  # Whether or not to force the use of a bottle.
+  # @private
+  attr_reader :force_bottle
+
   # The stable (and default) {SoftwareSpec} for this {Formula}
   # This contains all the attributes (e.g. URL, checksum) that apply to the
   # stable version of this formula.
@@ -181,7 +185,7 @@ class Formula
   alias follow_installed_alias? follow_installed_alias
 
   # @private
-  def initialize(name, path, spec, alias_path: nil)
+  def initialize(name, path, spec, alias_path: nil, force_bottle: false)
     @name = name
     @path = path
     @alias_path = alias_path
@@ -189,6 +193,8 @@ class Formula
     @revision = self.class.revision || 0
     @version_scheme = self.class.version_scheme || 0
 
+    @force_bottle = force_bottle
+
     @tap = if path == Formulary.core_path(name)
       CoreTap.instance
     else
@@ -2372,6 +2378,16 @@ class Formula
       stable.build
     end
 
+    # Get the `BUILD_FLAGS` from the formula's namespace set in `Formulary::load_formula`.
+    # @private
+    def build_flags
+      namespace = to_s.split("::")[0..-2].join("::")
+      return [] if namespace.empty?
+
+      mod = const_get(namespace)
+      mod.const_get(:BUILD_FLAGS)
+    end
+
     # @!attribute [w] stable
     # Allows adding {.depends_on} and {Patch}es just to the {.stable} {SoftwareSpec}.
     # This is required instead of using a conditional.
@@ -2385,7 +2401,7 @@ class Formula
     #   depends_on "libffi"
     # end</pre>
     def stable(&block)
-      @stable ||= SoftwareSpec.new
+      @stable ||= SoftwareSpec.new(flags: build_flags)
       return @stable unless block_given?
 
       @stable.instance_eval(&block)
@@ -2405,7 +2421,7 @@ class Formula
     # end</pre>
     # @private
     def devel(&block)
-      @devel ||= SoftwareSpec.new
+      @devel ||= SoftwareSpec.new(flags: build_flags)
       return @devel unless block_given?
 
       odeprecated "'devel' blocks in formulae", "'head' blocks or @-versioned formulae"
@@ -2425,7 +2441,7 @@ class Formula
     # or (if autodetect fails):
     # <pre>head "https://hg.is.awesome.but.git.has.won.example.com/", :using => :hg</pre>
     def head(val = nil, specs = {}, &block)
-      @head ||= HeadSoftwareSpec.new
+      @head ||= HeadSoftwareSpec.new(flags: build_flags)
       if block_given?
         @head.instance_eval(&block)
       elsif val
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/formula_installer.rb b/Library/Homebrew/formula_installer.rb
index c07d59b976..980ff92b92 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/formula_installer.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/formula_installer.rb
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ require "cmd/install"
 require "find"
 
 class FormulaInstaller
+  include Homebrew::Install
   include FormulaCellarChecks
   extend Predicable
 
@@ -39,14 +40,19 @@ class FormulaInstaller
 
   attr_reader :formula
   attr_accessor :cc, :env, :options, :build_bottle, :bottle_arch,
-                :installed_as_dependency, :installed_on_request, :link_keg
+                :build_from_source_formulae, :include_test_formulae,
+                :installed_as_dependency, :installed_on_request, :link_keg, :other_installers
 
   mode_attr_accessor :show_summary_heading, :show_header
   mode_attr_accessor :build_from_source, :force_bottle, :include_test
   mode_attr_accessor :ignore_deps, :only_deps, :interactive, :git, :force, :keep_tmp
   mode_attr_accessor :verbose, :debug, :quiet
 
-  def initialize(formula, force_bottle: false, include_test: false, build_from_source: false, cc: nil)
+  def initialize(formula,
+                 force_bottle: false,
+                 include_test: false, include_test_formulae: [],
+                 build_from_source: false, build_from_source_formulae: [],
+                 cc: nil)
     @formula = formula
     @env = nil
     @force = false
@@ -56,10 +62,12 @@ class FormulaInstaller
     @ignore_deps = false
     @only_deps = false
     @build_from_source = build_from_source
+    @build_from_source_formulae = build_from_source_formulae
     @build_bottle = false
     @bottle_arch = nil
     @force_bottle = force_bottle
     @include_test = include_test
+    @include_test_formulae = include_test_formulae
     @interactive = false
     @git = false
     @cc = cc
@@ -93,12 +101,20 @@ class FormulaInstaller
 
   # When no build tools are available and build flags are passed through ARGV,
   # it's necessary to interrupt the user before any sort of installation
-  # can proceed. Only invoked when the user has no developer tools.
-  def self.prevent_build_flags
-    build_flags = Homebrew.args.collect_build_args
+  # can proceed. Only raises when the user has no developer tools.
+  def self.prevent_build_flags(args)
+    return if DevelopmentTools.installed?
+
+    build_flags = []
+
+    build_flags << "--HEAD" if args.HEAD?
+    build_flags << "--universal" if args.universal?
+    build_flags << "--build-bottle" if args.build_bottle?
+    build_flags << "--build-from-source" if args.build_from_source?
+
     return if build_flags.empty?
 
-    all_bottled = Homebrew.args.formulae.all?(&:bottled?)
+    all_bottled = args.formulae.all?(&:bottled?)
     raise BuildFlagsError.new(build_flags, bottled: all_bottled)
   end
 
@@ -144,7 +160,7 @@ class FormulaInstaller
 
   def install_bottle_for?(dep, build)
     return pour_bottle? if dep == formula
-    return false if Homebrew.args.build_formula_from_source?(dep)
+    return false if build_from_source_formulae.include?(dep.full_name)
     return false unless dep.bottle && dep.pour_bottle?
     return false unless build.used_options.empty?
     return false unless dep.bottle.compatible_cellar?
@@ -239,9 +255,7 @@ class FormulaInstaller
     lock
 
     start_time = Time.now
-    if !formula.bottle_unneeded? && !pour_bottle? && DevelopmentTools.installed?
-      Homebrew::Install.perform_build_from_source_checks
-    end
+    perform_build_from_source_checks if !formula.bottle_unneeded? && !pour_bottle? && DevelopmentTools.installed?
 
     # not in initialize so upgrade can unlink the active keg before calling this
     # function but after instantiating this class so that it can avoid having to
@@ -475,7 +489,7 @@ class FormulaInstaller
 
         if req.prune_from_option?(build)
           Requirement.prune
-        elsif req.satisfied?(args: Homebrew.args)
+        elsif req.satisfied?(env: env, cc: cc, build_bottle: @build_bottle, bottle_arch: bottle_arch)
           Requirement.prune
         elsif (req.build? || req.test?) && !keep_build_test
           Requirement.prune
@@ -505,7 +519,7 @@ class FormulaInstaller
       )
 
       keep_build_test = false
-      keep_build_test ||= dep.test? && include_test? && Homebrew.args.include_formula_test_deps?(dependent)
+      keep_build_test ||= dep.test? && include_test? && include_test_formulae.include?(dependent.full_name)
       keep_build_test ||= dep.build? && !install_bottle_for?(dependent, build) && !dependent.latest_version_installed?
 
       if dep.prune_from_option?(build)
@@ -583,8 +597,8 @@ class FormulaInstaller
   def fetch_dependency(dep)
     df = dep.to_formula
     fi = FormulaInstaller.new(df, force_bottle:      false,
-                                  include_test:      Homebrew.args.include_formula_test_deps?(df),
-                                  build_from_source: Homebrew.args.build_formula_from_source?(df))
+                                  include_test:      include_test_formulae.include?(df.full_name),
+                                  build_from_source: build_from_source_formulae.include?(df.full_name))
 
     fi.force                   = force?
     fi.keep_tmp                = keep_tmp?
@@ -624,8 +638,8 @@ class FormulaInstaller
     end
 
     fi = FormulaInstaller.new(df, force_bottle:      false,
-                                  include_test:      Homebrew.args.include_formula_test_deps?(df),
-                                  build_from_source: Homebrew.args.build_formula_from_source?(df))
+                                  include_test:      include_test_formulae.include?(df.full_name),
+                                  build_from_source: build_from_source_formulae.include?(df.full_name))
 
     fi.options                |= tab.used_options
     fi.options                |= Tab.remap_deprecated_options(df.deprecated_options, dep.options)
@@ -763,12 +777,6 @@ class FormulaInstaller
       args << "--devel"
     end
 
-    formula.options.each do |opt|
-      name = opt.name[/^([^=]+)=$/, 1]
-      value = Homebrew.args.value(name) if name
-      args << "--#{name}=#{value}" if value
-    end
-
     args
   end
 
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/formulary.rb b/Library/Homebrew/formulary.rb
index 336f34f757..80600d7e34 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/formulary.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/formulary.rb
@@ -27,12 +27,16 @@ module Formulary
     cache.fetch(path)
   end
 
-  def self.load_formula(name, path, contents, namespace)
+  def self.load_formula(name, path, contents, namespace, flags:)
     raise "Formula loading disabled by HOMEBREW_DISABLE_LOAD_FORMULA!" if Homebrew::EnvConfig.disable_load_formula?
 
     mod = Module.new
     const_set(namespace, mod)
+
     begin
+      # Set `BUILD_FLAGS` in the formula's namespace so we can
+      # access them from within the formula's class scope.
+      mod.const_set(:BUILD_FLAGS, flags)
       mod.module_eval(contents, path)
     rescue NameError, ArgumentError, ScriptError => e
       $stderr.puts e.backtrace if Homebrew::EnvConfig.developer?
@@ -51,16 +55,16 @@ module Formulary
     end
   end
 
-  def self.load_formula_from_path(name, path)
+  def self.load_formula_from_path(name, path, flags:)
     contents = path.open("r") { |f| ensure_utf8_encoding(f).read }
     namespace = "FormulaNamespace#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(path.to_s)}"
-    klass = load_formula(name, path, contents, namespace)
+    klass = load_formula(name, path, contents, namespace, flags: flags)
     cache[path] = klass
   end
 
-  def self.resolve(name, spec: nil)
+  def self.resolve(name, spec: nil, force_bottle: false, flags: [])
     if name.include?("/") || File.exist?(name)
-      f = factory(name, *spec)
+      f = factory(name, *spec, force_bottle: force_bottle, flags: flags)
       if f.any_version_installed?
         tab = Tab.for_formula(f)
         resolved_spec = spec || tab.spec
@@ -73,8 +77,8 @@ module Formulary
       end
     else
       rack = to_rack(name)
-      alias_path = factory(name).alias_path
-      f = from_rack(rack, *spec, alias_path: alias_path)
+      alias_path = factory(name, force_bottle: force_bottle, flags: flags).alias_path
+      f = from_rack(rack, *spec, alias_path: alias_path, force_bottle: force_bottle, flags: flags)
     end
 
     # If this formula was installed with an alias that has since changed,
@@ -121,22 +125,23 @@ module Formulary
     #
     # `alias_path` can be overridden here in case an alias was used to refer to
     # a formula that was loaded in another way.
-    def get_formula(spec, alias_path: nil)
-      klass.new(name, path, spec, alias_path: alias_path || self.alias_path)
+    def get_formula(spec, alias_path: nil, force_bottle: false, flags: [])
+      alias_path ||= self.alias_path
+      klass(flags: flags).new(name, path, spec, alias_path: alias_path, force_bottle: force_bottle)
     end
 
-    def klass
-      load_file unless Formulary.formula_class_defined?(path)
+    def klass(flags:)
+      load_file(flags: flags) unless Formulary.formula_class_defined?(path)
       Formulary.formula_class_get(path)
     end
 
     private
 
-    def load_file
+    def load_file(flags:)
       $stderr.puts "#{$PROGRAM_NAME} (#{self.class.name}): loading #{path}" if Homebrew.args.debug?
       raise FormulaUnavailableError, name unless path.file?
 
-      Formulary.load_formula_from_path(name, path)
+      Formulary.load_formula_from_path(name, path, flags: flags)
     end
   end
 
@@ -161,10 +166,10 @@ module Formulary
       super name, Formulary.path(full_name)
     end
 
-    def get_formula(spec, **)
+    def get_formula(spec, force_bottle: false, flags: [], **)
       contents = Utils::Bottles.formula_contents @bottle_filename, name: name
       formula = begin
-        Formulary.from_contents name, @bottle_filename, contents, spec
+        Formulary.from_contents(name, @bottle_filename, contents, spec, force_bottle: force_bottle, flags: flags)
       rescue FormulaUnreadableError => e
         opoo <<~EOS
           Unreadable formula in #{@bottle_filename}:
@@ -205,7 +210,7 @@ module Formulary
       super formula, HOMEBREW_CACHE_FORMULA/File.basename(uri.path)
     end
 
-    def load_file
+    def load_file(flags:)
       if url =~ %r{githubusercontent.com/[\w-]+/[\w-]+/[a-f0-9]{40}(/Formula)?/([\w+-.@]+).rb}
         formula_name = Regexp.last_match(2)
         odeprecated "Installation of #{formula_name} from a GitHub commit URL",
@@ -270,7 +275,7 @@ module Formulary
       [name, path]
     end
 
-    def get_formula(spec, alias_path: nil)
+    def get_formula(spec, alias_path: nil, force_bottle: false, flags: [])
       super
     rescue FormulaUnreadableError => e
       raise TapFormulaUnreadableError.new(tap, name, e.formula_error), "", e.backtrace
@@ -280,7 +285,7 @@ module Formulary
       raise TapFormulaUnavailableError.new(tap, name), "", e.backtrace
     end
 
-    def load_file
+    def load_file(flags:)
       super
     rescue MethodDeprecatedError => e
       e.issues_url = tap.issues_url || tap.to_s
@@ -308,10 +313,10 @@ module Formulary
       super name, path
     end
 
-    def klass
+    def klass(flags:)
       $stderr.puts "#{$PROGRAM_NAME} (#{self.class.name}): loading #{path}" if Homebrew.args.debug?
-      namespace = "FormulaNamespace#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(contents)}"
-      Formulary.load_formula(name, path, contents, namespace)
+      namespace = "FormulaNamespace#{Digest::MD5.hexdigest(contents.to_s)}"
+      Formulary.load_formula(name, path, contents, namespace, flags: flags)
     end
   end
 
@@ -322,7 +327,7 @@ module Formulary
   # * a formula pathname
   # * a formula URL
   # * a local bottle reference
-  def self.factory(ref, spec = :stable, alias_path: nil, from: nil)
+  def self.factory(ref, spec = :stable, alias_path: nil, from: nil, force_bottle: false, flags: [])
     raise ArgumentError, "Formulae must have a ref!" unless ref
 
     cache_key = "#{ref}-#{spec}-#{alias_path}-#{from}"
@@ -331,7 +336,8 @@ module Formulary
       return cache[:formulary_factory][cache_key]
     end
 
-    formula = loader_for(ref, from: from).get_formula(spec, alias_path: alias_path)
+    formula = loader_for(ref, from: from).get_formula(spec, alias_path: alias_path,
+                                                      force_bottle: force_bottle, flags: flags)
     if factory_cached?
       cache[:formulary_factory] ||= {}
       cache[:formulary_factory][cache_key] ||= formula
@@ -345,14 +351,15 @@ module Formulary
   # The :alias_path option will be used if the formula is found not to be
   # installed, and discarded if it is installed because the alias_path used
   # to install the formula will be set instead.
-  def self.from_rack(rack, spec = nil, alias_path: nil)
+  def self.from_rack(rack, spec = nil, alias_path: nil, force_bottle: false, flags: [])
     kegs = rack.directory? ? rack.subdirs.map { |d| Keg.new(d) } : []
     keg = kegs.find(&:linked?) || kegs.find(&:optlinked?) || kegs.max_by(&:version)
 
     if keg
       from_keg(keg, spec, alias_path: alias_path)
     else
-      factory(rack.basename.to_s, spec || :stable, alias_path: alias_path, from: :rack)
+      factory(rack.basename.to_s, spec || :stable, alias_path: alias_path, from: :rack,
+              force_bottle: force_bottle, flags: flags)
     end
   end
 
@@ -365,19 +372,22 @@ module Formulary
 
   # Return a Formula instance for the given keg.
   # It will auto resolve formula's spec when requested spec is nil
-  def self.from_keg(keg, spec = nil, alias_path: nil)
+  def self.from_keg(keg, spec = nil, alias_path: nil, force_bottle: false, flags: [])
     tab = Tab.for_keg(keg)
     tap = tab.tap
     spec ||= tab.spec
 
     f = if tap.nil?
-      factory(keg.rack.basename.to_s, spec, alias_path: alias_path, from: :keg)
+      factory(keg.rack.basename.to_s, spec, alias_path: alias_path, from: :keg,
+              force_bottle: force_bottle, flags: flags)
     else
       begin
-        factory("#{tap}/#{keg.rack.basename}", spec, alias_path: alias_path, from: :keg)
+        factory("#{tap}/#{keg.rack.basename}", spec, alias_path: alias_path, from: :keg,
+                force_bottle: force_bottle, flags: flags)
       rescue FormulaUnavailableError
         # formula may be migrated to different tap. Try to search in core and all taps.
-        factory(keg.rack.basename.to_s, spec, alias_path: alias_path, from: :keg)
+        factory(keg.rack.basename.to_s, spec, alias_path: alias_path, from: :keg,
+                force_bottle: force_bottle, flags: flags)
       end
     end
     f.build = tab
@@ -387,8 +397,9 @@ module Formulary
   end
 
   # Return a Formula instance directly from contents
-  def self.from_contents(name, path, contents, spec = :stable)
-    FormulaContentsLoader.new(name, path, contents).get_formula(spec)
+  def self.from_contents(name, path, contents, spec = :stable, alias_path: nil, force_bottle: false, flags: [])
+    FormulaContentsLoader.new(name, path, contents)
+                         .get_formula(spec, alias_path: alias_path, force_bottle: force_bottle, flags: flags)
   end
 
   def self.to_rack(ref)
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/install.rb b/Library/Homebrew/install.rb
index f68572df08..f858d8f9d8 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/install.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/install.rb
@@ -39,20 +39,20 @@ module Homebrew
       end
     end
 
-    def check_cc_argv
-      return unless Homebrew.args.cc
+    def check_cc_argv(cc)
+      return unless cc
 
       @checks ||= Diagnostic::Checks.new
       opoo <<~EOS
-        You passed `--cc=#{Homebrew.args.cc}`.
+        You passed `--cc=#{cc}`.
         #{@checks.please_create_pull_requests}
       EOS
     end
 
-    def perform_preinstall_checks(all_fatal: false)
+    def perform_preinstall_checks(all_fatal: false, cc: nil)
       check_cpu
       attempt_directory_creation
-      check_cc_argv
+      check_cc_argv(cc)
       diagnostic_checks(:supported_configuration_checks, fatal: all_fatal)
       diagnostic_checks(:fatal_preinstall_checks)
     end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/messages.rb b/Library/Homebrew/messages.rb
index d0b371a2ec..18187a8447 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/messages.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/messages.rb
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ class Messages
     @install_times.push(formula: f.name, time: elapsed_time)
   end
 
-  def display_messages
+  def display_messages(display_times: false)
     display_caveats
-    display_install_times if Homebrew.args.display_times?
+    display_install_times if display_times
   end
 
   def display_caveats
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/migrator.rb b/Library/Homebrew/migrator.rb
index 3329e164bc..30d0603b0e 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/migrator.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/migrator.rb
@@ -97,18 +97,18 @@ class Migrator
     true
   end
 
-  def self.migrate_if_needed(formula)
+  def self.migrate_if_needed(formula, force:)
     return unless Migrator.needs_migration?(formula)
 
     begin
-      migrator = Migrator.new(formula)
+      migrator = Migrator.new(formula, force: force)
       migrator.migrate
     rescue => e
       onoe e
     end
   end
 
-  def initialize(formula, force: Homebrew.args.force?)
+  def initialize(formula, force: false)
     @oldname = formula.oldname
     @newname = formula.name
     raise MigratorNoOldnameError, formula unless oldname
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/patch.rb b/Library/Homebrew/patch.rb
index 03aea114e4..f2a92a0616 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/patch.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/patch.rb
@@ -159,6 +159,10 @@ class ExternalPatch
         end
       end
     end
+  rescue ErrorDuringExecution => e
+    f = resource.owner.owner
+    cmd, *args = e.cmd
+    raise BuildError.new(f, cmd, args, ENV.to_hash)
   end
 
   def inspect
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/postinstall.rb b/Library/Homebrew/postinstall.rb
index d35e3b886c..557fd3387a 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/postinstall.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/postinstall.rb
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ require "cli/parser"
 require "cmd/postinstall"
 
 begin
-  Homebrew.postinstall_args.parse
+  args = Homebrew.postinstall_args.parse
   error_pipe = UNIXSocket.open(ENV["HOMEBREW_ERROR_PIPE"], &:recv_io)
   error_pipe.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC)
 
   trap("INT", old_trap)
 
-  formula = Homebrew.args.resolved_formulae.first
+  formula = args.resolved_formulae.first
   formula.extend(Debrew::Formula) if Homebrew.args.debug?
   formula.run_post_install
 rescue Exception => e # rubocop:disable Lint/RescueException
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/reinstall.rb b/Library/Homebrew/reinstall.rb
index b7916a94a7..0e9f5ef038 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/reinstall.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/reinstall.rb
@@ -18,13 +18,14 @@ module Homebrew
       backup keg
     end
 
-    build_options = BuildOptions.new(Options.create(Homebrew.args.flags_only), f.options)
+    build_options = BuildOptions.new(Options.create(args.flags_only), f.options)
     options = build_options.used_options
     options |= f.build.used_options
     options &= f.options
 
-    fi = FormulaInstaller.new(f, force_bottle: args.force_bottle?, include_test: args.include_test?,
-                              build_from_source: args.build_from_source?)
+    fi = FormulaInstaller.new(f, force_bottle:               args.force_bottle?,
+                                 build_from_source:          args.build_from_source?,
+                                 build_from_source_formulae: args.build_from_source_formulae)
     fi.options              = options
     fi.force                = args.force?
     fi.keep_tmp             = args.keep_tmp?
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/requirement.rb b/Library/Homebrew/requirement.rb
index ae63d77839..5a96adccce 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/requirement.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/requirement.rb
@@ -53,11 +53,14 @@ class Requirement
 
   # Overriding {#satisfied?} is unsupported.
   # Pass a block or boolean to the satisfy DSL method instead.
-  def satisfied?(args: nil)
+  def satisfied?(env: nil, cc: nil, build_bottle: false, bottle_arch: nil)
     satisfy = self.class.satisfy
     return true unless satisfy
 
-    @satisfied_result = satisfy.yielder(args: args) { |p| instance_eval(&p) }
+    @satisfied_result =
+      satisfy.yielder(env: env, cc: cc, build_bottle: build_bottle, bottle_arch: bottle_arch) do |p|
+        instance_eval(&p)
+      end
     return false unless @satisfied_result
 
     true
@@ -81,8 +84,8 @@ class Requirement
 
   # Overriding {#modify_build_environment} is unsupported.
   # Pass a block to the env DSL method instead.
-  def modify_build_environment(args:)
-    satisfied?(args: args)
+  def modify_build_environment(env: nil, cc: nil, build_bottle: false, bottle_arch: nil)
+    satisfied?(env: env, cc: cc, build_bottle: build_bottle, bottle_arch: bottle_arch)
     instance_eval(&env_proc) if env_proc
 
     # XXX If the satisfy block returns a Pathname, then make sure that it
@@ -185,13 +188,13 @@ class Requirement
       @proc = block
     end
 
-    def yielder(args:)
+    def yielder(env: nil, cc: nil, build_bottle: false, bottle_arch: nil)
       if instance_variable_defined?(:@satisfied)
         @satisfied
       elsif @options[:build_env]
         require "extend/ENV"
         ENV.with_build_environment(
-          env: args.env, cc: args.cc, build_bottle: args.build_bottle?, bottle_arch: args.bottle_arch,
+          env: env, cc: cc, build_bottle: build_bottle, bottle_arch: bottle_arch,
         ) do
           yield @proc
         end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/software_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/software_spec.rb
index 130bbd456b..170b4e5d8f 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/software_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/software_spec.rb
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ class SoftwareSpec
                  :cached_download, :clear_cache, :checksum, :mirrors, :specs, :using, :version, :mirror,
                  :downloader, *Checksum::TYPES
 
-  def initialize
+  def initialize(flags: [])
     @resource = Resource.new
     @resources = {}
     @dependency_collector = DependencyCollector.new
     @bottle_specification = BottleSpecification.new
     @patches = []
     @options = Options.new
-    @flags = Homebrew.args.flags_only
+    @flags = flags
     @deprecated_flags = []
     @deprecated_options = []
     @build = BuildOptions.new(Options.create(@flags), options)
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class SoftwareSpec
 
   def bottled?
     bottle_specification.tag?(Utils::Bottles.tag) && \
-      (bottle_specification.compatible_cellar? || Homebrew.args.force_bottle?)
+      (bottle_specification.compatible_cellar? || owner.force_bottle)
   end
 
   def bottle(disable_type = nil, disable_reason = nil, &block)
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ class SoftwareSpec
 end
 
 class HeadSoftwareSpec < SoftwareSpec
-  def initialize
+  def initialize(flags: [])
     super
     @resource.version = Version.create("HEAD")
   end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/style.rb b/Library/Homebrew/style.rb
index d36ebf37a6..c7a94df76b 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/style.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/style.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module Homebrew
       check_style_impl(files, :json, **options)
     end
 
-    def check_style_impl(files, output_type, fix: false, except_cops: nil, only_cops: nil)
+    def check_style_impl(files, output_type, fix: false, except_cops: nil, only_cops: nil, display_cop_names: false)
       Homebrew.install_bundler_gems!
       require "rubocop"
       require "rubocops"
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ module Homebrew
       case output_type
       when :print
         args << "--debug" if Homebrew.args.debug?
-        args << "--display-cop-names" if Homebrew.args.display_cop_names?
+        args << "--display-cop-names" if display_cop_names
         args << "--format" << "simple" if files.present?
         system(cache_env, "rubocop", *args)
         rubocop_success = $CHILD_STATUS.success?
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/cmd/uninstall_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/cmd/uninstall_spec.rb
index 696be790e3..f27ff096bf 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/cmd/uninstall_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/cmd/uninstall_spec.rb
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ describe Homebrew do
     end
   end
 
-  let(:opts) { { dependency.rack => [Keg.new(dependency.installed_prefix)] } }
+  let(:kegs_by_rack) { { dependency.rack => [Keg.new(dependency.installed_prefix)] } }
 
   before do
     [dependency, dependent].each do |f|
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe Homebrew do
       ENV["HOMEBREW_DEVELOPER"] = "1"
 
       expect {
-        described_class.handle_unsatisfied_dependents(opts)
+        described_class.handle_unsatisfied_dependents(kegs_by_rack)
       }.to output(/Warning/).to_stderr
 
       expect(described_class).not_to have_failed
@@ -61,19 +61,15 @@ describe Homebrew do
 
     specify "when not developer" do
       expect {
-        described_class.handle_unsatisfied_dependents(opts)
+        described_class.handle_unsatisfied_dependents(kegs_by_rack)
       }.to output(/Error/).to_stderr
 
       expect(described_class).to have_failed
     end
 
-    specify "when not developer and --ignore-dependencies is specified" do
-      described_class.args = described_class.args.dup if described_class.args.frozen?
-      expect(described_class.args).to receive(:ignore_dependencies?).and_return(true)
-      described_class.args.freeze
-
+    specify "when not developer and `ignore_dependencies` is true" do
       expect {
-        described_class.handle_unsatisfied_dependents(opts)
+        described_class.handle_unsatisfied_dependents(kegs_by_rack, ignore_dependencies: true)
       }.not_to output.to_stderr
 
       expect(described_class).not_to have_failed
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/formulary_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/formulary_spec.rb
index 5458fc6e02..bbd6aca88a 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/formulary_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/formulary_spec.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe Formulary do
         bottle do
           cellar :any_skip_relocation
           root_url "file://#{bottle_dir}"
-          sha256 "d48bbbe583dcfbfa608579724fc6f0328b3cd316935c6ea22f134610aaf2952f" => :#{Utils::Bottles.tag}
+          sha256 "8f9aecd233463da6a4ea55f5f88fc5841718c013f3e2a7941350d6130f1dc149" => :#{Utils::Bottles.tag}
         end
 
         def install
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/java_requirement_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/java_requirement_spec.rb
index 694fe2f91d..590f27a1d0 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/java_requirement_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/java_requirement_spec.rb
@@ -41,16 +41,14 @@ describe JavaRequirement do
   describe "#satisfied?" do
     subject { described_class.new(%w[1.8]) }
 
-    let(:args) { Homebrew::CLI::Args.new }
-
     it "returns false if no `java` executable can be found" do
       allow(File).to receive(:executable?).and_return(false)
-      expect(subject).not_to be_satisfied(args: args)
+      expect(subject).not_to be_satisfied
     end
 
     it "returns true if #preferred_java returns a path" do
       allow(subject).to receive(:preferred_java).and_return(Pathname.new("/usr/bin/java"))
-      expect(subject).to be_satisfied(args: args)
+      expect(subject).to be_satisfied
     end
 
     context "when #possible_javas contains paths" do
@@ -74,17 +72,17 @@ describe JavaRequirement do
 
         it "returns false if all are lower" do
           setup_java_with_version "1.6.0_5"
-          expect(subject).not_to be_satisfied(args: args)
+          expect(subject).not_to be_satisfied
         end
 
         it "returns true if one is equal" do
           setup_java_with_version "1.7.0_5"
-          expect(subject).to be_satisfied(args: args)
+          expect(subject).to be_satisfied
         end
 
         it "returns false if all are higher" do
           setup_java_with_version "1.8.0_5"
-          expect(subject).not_to be_satisfied(args: args)
+          expect(subject).not_to be_satisfied
         end
       end
 
@@ -93,17 +91,17 @@ describe JavaRequirement do
 
         it "returns false if all are lower" do
           setup_java_with_version "1.6.0_5"
-          expect(subject).not_to be_satisfied(args: args)
+          expect(subject).not_to be_satisfied
         end
 
         it "returns true if one is equal" do
           setup_java_with_version "1.7.0_5"
-          expect(subject).to be_satisfied(args: args)
+          expect(subject).to be_satisfied
         end
 
         it "returns true if one is higher" do
           setup_java_with_version "1.8.0_5"
-          expect(subject).to be_satisfied(args: args)
+          expect(subject).to be_satisfied
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/messages_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/messages_spec.rb
index 9bf48c58aa..fa97096d12 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/messages_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/messages_spec.rb
@@ -72,27 +72,20 @@ describe Messages do
       end
     end
 
-    # Homebrew.args OpenStruct usage cannot use verified doubles.
-    # rubocop:disable RSpec/VerifiedDoubles
-    context "when the --display-times argument is present" do
-      before do
-        allow(Homebrew).to receive(:args).and_return \
-          double(display_times?: true, flags_only: ["--display-times"])
-      end
-
-      context "when install_times is empty" do
-        it "doesn't print any output" do
-          expect { messages.display_messages }.not_to output.to_stdout
+    context "when the `display_times` argument is true" do
+      context "when `install_times` is empty" do
+        it "doesn't print anything" do
+          expect { messages.display_messages(display_times: true) }.not_to output.to_stdout
         end
       end
 
-      context "when install_times is present" do
+      context "when `install_times` is present" do
         before do
           messages.formula_installed(test_formula, elapsed_time)
         end
 
         it "prints installation times" do
-          expect { messages.display_messages }.to output(
+          expect { messages.display_messages(display_times: true) }.to output(
             <<~EOS,
               ==> Installation times
               foo                       1.100 s
@@ -102,15 +95,10 @@ describe Messages do
       end
     end
 
-    context "when the --display-times argument isn't present" do
-      before do
-        allow(Homebrew).to receive(:args).and_return(double(display_times?: false))
-      end
-
+    context "when the `display_times` argument isn't specified" do
       it "doesn't print installation times" do
         expect { messages.display_messages }.not_to output.to_stdout
       end
     end
-    # rubocop:enable RSpec/VerifiedDoubles
   end
 end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/os/mac/java_requirement_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/os/mac/java_requirement_spec.rb
index 190b7c1aba..65729b23bc 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/os/mac/java_requirement_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/os/mac/java_requirement_spec.rb
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ describe JavaRequirement do
 
   let(:java_home) { mktmpdir }
 
-  let(:args) { Homebrew::CLI::Args.new }
-
   before do
     FileUtils.mkdir java_home/"bin"
     FileUtils.touch java_home/"bin/java"
@@ -18,23 +16,23 @@ describe JavaRequirement do
   end
 
   specify "Apple Java environment" do
-    expect(subject).to be_satisfied(args: args)
+    expect(subject).to be_satisfied
 
     expect(ENV).to receive(:prepend_path)
     expect(ENV).to receive(:append_to_cflags)
 
-    subject.modify_build_environment(args: args)
+    subject.modify_build_environment
     expect(ENV["JAVA_HOME"]).to eq(java_home.to_s)
   end
 
   specify "Oracle Java environment" do
-    expect(subject).to be_satisfied(args: args)
+    expect(subject).to be_satisfied
 
     FileUtils.mkdir java_home/"include"
     expect(ENV).to receive(:prepend_path)
     expect(ENV).to receive(:append_to_cflags).twice
 
-    subject.modify_build_environment(args: args)
+    subject.modify_build_environment
     expect(ENV["JAVA_HOME"]).to eq(java_home.to_s)
   end
 end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/patching_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/patching_spec.rb
index ffdf1027dc..737e140676 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/patching_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/patching_spec.rb
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ describe "patching" do
       end
 
       f.brew { |formula, _staging| formula.patch }
-    }.to raise_error(ErrorDuringExecution)
+    }.to raise_error(BuildError)
   end
 
   specify "single_patch_dsl_with_incorrect_strip_with_apply" do
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ describe "patching" do
       end
 
       f.brew { |formula, _staging| formula.patch }
-    }.to raise_error(ErrorDuringExecution)
+    }.to raise_error(BuildError)
   end
 
   specify "patch_p0_dsl" do
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ describe "patching" do
       end
 
       f.brew { |formula, _staging| formula.patch }
-    }.to raise_error(ErrorDuringExecution)
+    }.to raise_error(BuildError)
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/requirement_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/requirement_spec.rb
index 12a0e302b3..ffcb3a8de1 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/requirement_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/requirement_spec.rb
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ describe Requirement do
 
   let(:klass) { Class.new(described_class) }
 
-  let(:args) { Homebrew::CLI::Args.new }
-
   describe "#tags" do
     subject { described_class.new(tags) }
 
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ describe Requirement do
         end
       end
 
-      it { is_expected.to be_satisfied(args: args) }
+      it { is_expected.to be_satisfied }
     end
 
     describe "#satisfy with block and build_env returns false" do
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ describe Requirement do
         end
       end
 
-      it { is_expected.not_to be_satisfied(args: args) }
+      it { is_expected.not_to be_satisfied }
     end
 
     describe "#satisfy returns true" do
@@ -89,7 +87,7 @@ describe Requirement do
         end
       end
 
-      it { is_expected.to be_satisfied(args: args) }
+      it { is_expected.to be_satisfied }
     end
 
     describe "#satisfy returns false" do
@@ -99,7 +97,7 @@ describe Requirement do
         end
       end
 
-      it { is_expected.not_to be_satisfied(args: args) }
+      it { is_expected.not_to be_satisfied }
     end
 
     describe "#satisfy with block returning true and without :build_env" do
@@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ describe Requirement do
 
       it "sets up build environment" do
         expect(ENV).to receive(:with_build_environment).and_call_original
-        subject.satisfied?(args: args)
+        subject.satisfied?
       end
     end
 
@@ -128,7 +126,7 @@ describe Requirement do
 
       it "skips setting up build environment" do
         expect(ENV).not_to receive(:with_build_environment)
-        subject.satisfied?(args: args)
+        subject.satisfied?
       end
     end
 
@@ -143,8 +141,8 @@ describe Requirement do
 
       it "infers path from #satisfy result" do
         expect(ENV).to receive(:prepend_path).with("PATH", Pathname.new("/foo/bar"))
-        subject.satisfied?(args: args)
-        subject.modify_build_environment(args: args)
+        subject.satisfied?
+        subject.modify_build_environment
       end
     end
   end
@@ -182,7 +180,7 @@ describe Requirement do
       let(:klass) { Class.new(described_class) }
 
       it "returns nil" do
-        expect(subject.modify_build_environment(args: args)).to be nil
+        expect(subject.modify_build_environment).to be nil
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/requirements/linux_requirement_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/requirements/linux_requirement_spec.rb
index a6857365df..f328579fa2 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/requirements/linux_requirement_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/requirements/linux_requirement_spec.rb
@@ -7,10 +7,8 @@ describe LinuxRequirement do
   subject(:requirement) { described_class.new }
 
   describe "#satisfied?" do
-    let(:args) { Homebrew::CLI::Args.new }
-
     it "returns true on Linux" do
-      expect(requirement.satisfied?(args: args)).to eq(OS.linux?)
+      expect(requirement.satisfied?).to eq(OS.linux?)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/requirements/macos_requirement_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/requirements/macos_requirement_spec.rb
index ff160e560f..b966111262 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/requirements/macos_requirement_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/requirements/macos_requirement_spec.rb
@@ -7,20 +7,18 @@ describe MacOSRequirement do
   subject(:requirement) { described_class.new }
 
   describe "#satisfied?" do
-    let(:args) { Homebrew::CLI::Args.new }
-
     it "returns true on macOS" do
-      expect(requirement.satisfied?(args: args)).to eq OS.mac?
+      expect(requirement.satisfied?).to eq OS.mac?
     end
 
     it "supports version symbols", :needs_macos do
       requirement = described_class.new([MacOS.version.to_sym])
-      expect(requirement).to be_satisfied(args: args)
+      expect(requirement).to be_satisfied
     end
 
     it "supports maximum versions", :needs_macos do
       requirement = described_class.new([:catalina], comparator: "<=")
-      expect(requirement.satisfied?(args: args)).to eq MacOS.version <= :catalina
+      expect(requirement.satisfied?).to eq MacOS.version <= :catalina
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/requirements/osxfuse_requirement_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/requirements/osxfuse_requirement_spec.rb
index a5ceb17909..8c38a45884 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/requirements/osxfuse_requirement_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/requirements/osxfuse_requirement_spec.rb
@@ -22,23 +22,21 @@ describe OsxfuseRequirement do
   end
 
   describe "#modify_build_environment", :needs_macos do
-    let(:args) { Homebrew::CLI::Args.new }
-
     it "adds the fuse directories to PKG_CONFIG_PATH" do
       allow(ENV).to receive(:append_path)
-      requirement.modify_build_environment(args: args)
+      requirement.modify_build_environment
       expect(ENV).to have_received(:append_path).with("PKG_CONFIG_PATH", any_args)
     end
 
     it "adds the fuse directories to HOMEBREW_LIBRARY_PATHS" do
       allow(ENV).to receive(:append_path)
-      requirement.modify_build_environment(args: args)
+      requirement.modify_build_environment
       expect(ENV).to have_received(:append_path).with("HOMEBREW_LIBRARY_PATHS", any_args)
     end
 
     it "adds the fuse directories to HOMEBREW_INCLUDE_PATHS" do
       allow(ENV).to receive(:append_path)
-      requirement.modify_build_environment(args: args)
+      requirement.modify_build_environment
       expect(ENV).to have_received(:append_path).with("HOMEBREW_INCLUDE_PATHS", any_args)
     end
   end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/rubocop_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/rubocop_spec.rb
index 533df81076..a5750a430c 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/rubocop_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/rubocop_spec.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ describe "RuboCop" do
     end
 
     it "loads all Formula cops without errors" do
-      _, _, status = Open3.capture3("rubocop", TEST_FIXTURE_DIR/"testball.rb")
+      stdout, _, status = Open3.capture3("rubocop", TEST_FIXTURE_DIR/"testball.rb")
+      expect(stdout).to include("no offenses detected")
       expect(status).to be_a_success
     end
   end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/bottles/testball_bottle-0.1.yosemite.bottle.tar.gz b/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/bottles/testball_bottle-0.1.yosemite.bottle.tar.gz
index 62ea6c264b..ee5eb8b4b4 100644
Binary files a/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/bottles/testball_bottle-0.1.yosemite.bottle.tar.gz and b/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/bottles/testball_bottle-0.1.yosemite.bottle.tar.gz differ
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/failball.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/failball.rb
index 439645df26..5ba1692eff 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/failball.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/failball.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class Failball < Formula
-  def initialize(name = "failball", path = Pathname.new(__FILE__).expand_path, spec = :stable, alias_path: nil)
+  def initialize(name = "failball", path = Pathname.new(__FILE__).expand_path, spec = :stable,
+                 alias_path: nil, force_bottle: false)
     self.class.instance_eval do
       stable.url "file://#{TEST_FIXTURE_DIR}/tarballs/testball-0.1.tbz"
       stable.sha256 TESTBALL_SHA256
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/testball.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/testball.rb
index c2d4aa2bbc..27ff8dafc0 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/testball.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/testball.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class Testball < Formula
-  def initialize(name = "testball", path = Pathname.new(__FILE__).expand_path, spec = :stable, alias_path: nil)
+  def initialize(name = "testball", path = Pathname.new(__FILE__).expand_path, spec = :stable,
+                 alias_path: nil, force_bottle: false)
     self.class.instance_eval do
       stable.url "file://#{TEST_FIXTURE_DIR}/tarballs/testball-0.1.tbz"
       stable.sha256 TESTBALL_SHA256
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/testball_bottle.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/testball_bottle.rb
index f6268ed4fc..76d8d7e7c0 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/testball_bottle.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/support/fixtures/testball_bottle.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 class TestballBottle < Formula
-  def initialize(name = "testball_bottle", path = Pathname.new(__FILE__).expand_path, spec = :stable, alias_path: nil)
+  def initialize(name = "testball_bottle", path = Pathname.new(__FILE__).expand_path, spec = :stable,
+                 alias_path: nil, force_bottle: false)
     self.class.instance_eval do
       stable.url "file://#{TEST_FIXTURE_DIR}/tarballs/testball-0.1.tbz"
       stable.sha256 TESTBALL_SHA256
       stable.bottle do
         cellar :any_skip_relocation
         root_url "file://#{TEST_FIXTURE_DIR}/bottles"
-        sha256 "d48bbbe583dcfbfa608579724fc6f0328b3cd316935c6ea22f134610aaf2952f" => Utils::Bottles.tag
+        sha256 "8f9aecd233463da6a4ea55f5f88fc5841718c013f3e2a7941350d6130f1dc149" => Utils::Bottles.tag
       end
       cxxstdlib_check :skip
     end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/x11_requirement_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/x11_requirement_spec.rb
index 133135eb0b..436e0c15ef 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/x11_requirement_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/x11_requirement_spec.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ require "requirements/x11_requirement"
 describe X11Requirement do
   let(:default_name) { "x11" }
 
-  let(:args) { Homebrew::CLI::Args.new }
-
   describe "#name" do
     it "defaults to x11" do
       expect(subject.name).to eq(default_name)
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ describe X11Requirement do
     it "calls ENV#x11" do
       allow(subject).to receive(:satisfied?).and_return(true)
       expect(ENV).to receive(:x11)
-      subject.modify_build_environment(args: args)
+      subject.modify_build_environment
     end
   end
 
@@ -33,12 +31,12 @@ describe X11Requirement do
     it "returns true if X11 is installed" do
       expect(MacOS::XQuartz).to receive(:version).and_return("2.7.5")
       expect(MacOS::XQuartz).to receive(:installed?).and_return(true)
-      expect(subject).to be_satisfied(args: args)
+      expect(subject).to be_satisfied
     end
 
     it "returns false if X11 is not installed" do
       expect(MacOS::XQuartz).to receive(:installed?).and_return(false)
-      expect(subject).not_to be_satisfied(args: args)
+      expect(subject).not_to be_satisfied
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/upgrade.rb b/Library/Homebrew/upgrade.rb
index 2e4ccb8d58..3a9a211129 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/upgrade.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/upgrade.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module Homebrew
     end
 
     formulae_to_install.each do |f|
-      Migrator.migrate_if_needed(f)
+      Migrator.migrate_if_needed(f, force: args.force?)
       begin
         upgrade_formula(f, args: args)
         Cleanup.install_formula_clean!(f)