diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/determine-test-runners.rb b/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/determine-test-runners.rb
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..4b1ade89d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/determine-test-runners.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# typed: true
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "cli/parser"
+
+module Homebrew
+  module_function
+
+  def determine_test_runners_args
+    Homebrew::CLI::Parser.new do
+      usage_banner <<~EOS
+        `determine-test-runners` <testing-formulae> [<deleted-formulae>]
+
+        Determines the runners used to test formulae or their dependents.
+      EOS
+      switch "--dependents",
+             description: "Determine runners for testing dependents."
+
+      named_args min: 1, max: 2
+
+      hide_from_man_page!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def determine_test_runners
+    odie "This command is supported only on Linux!"
+  end
+end
+
+require "extend/os/dev-cmd/determine-test-runners"
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/extend/os/dev-cmd/determine-test-runners.rb b/Library/Homebrew/extend/os/dev-cmd/determine-test-runners.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d6f300d7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/extend/os/dev-cmd/determine-test-runners.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# typed: strict
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "extend/os/linux/dev-cmd/determine-test-runners" if OS.linux?
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/extend/os/linux/dev-cmd/determine-test-runners.rb b/Library/Homebrew/extend/os/linux/dev-cmd/determine-test-runners.rb
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..3705355c3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/extend/os/linux/dev-cmd/determine-test-runners.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# typed: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "formula"
+
+class Formula
+  def macos_only?
+    requirements.any? { |r| r.is_a?(MacOSRequirement) && !r.version_specified? }
+  end
+
+  def linux_only?
+    requirements.any?(LinuxRequirement)
+  end
+
+  def x86_64_only?
+    requirements.any? { |r| r.is_a?(ArchRequirement) && (r.arch == :x86_64) }
+  end
+
+  def arm64_only?
+    requirements.any? { |r| r.is_a?(ArchRequirement) && (r.arch == :arm64) }
+  end
+
+  def versioned_macos_requirement
+    requirements.find { |r| r.is_a?(MacOSRequirement) && r.version_specified? }
+  end
+
+  def compatible_with?(macos_version)
+    return true if versioned_macos_requirement.blank?
+
+    macos_version.public_send(versioned_macos_requirement.comparator, versioned_macos_requirement.version)
+  end
+
+  def dependents
+    @dependent_hash ||= {}
+    @dependent_hash[ENV["HOMEBREW_SIMULATE_MACOS_ON_LINUX"].present?] ||= with_env(HOMEBREW_STDERR: "1") do
+      Utils.safe_popen_read(
+        HOMEBREW_BREW_FILE, "uses", "--formulae", "--eval-all", "--include-build", "--include-test", name
+      ).split("\n").map { |dependent| Formula[dependent] }.freeze
+    end
+
+    @dependent_hash[ENV["HOMEBREW_SIMULATE_MACOS_ON_LINUX"].present?]
+  end
+end
+
+module Homebrew
+  module_function
+
+  def formulae_have_untested_dependents?(testing_formulae, reject_platform:, reject_arch:, select_macos_version:)
+    testing_formulae.any? do |formula|
+      # If the formula has a platform/arch/macOS version requirement, then its
+      # dependents don't need to be tested if these requirements are not satisfied.
+      next false if reject_platform && formula.method("#{reject_platform}_only?").call
+      next false if reject_arch && formula.method("#{reject_arch}_only?").call
+      next false if select_macos_version && !formula.compatible_with?(select_macos_version)
+
+      compatible_dependents = formula.dependents.dup
+
+      compatible_dependents.reject! { |dependent_f| dependent_f.method("#{reject_arch}_only?").call } if reject_arch
+
+      if reject_platform
+        compatible_dependents.reject! { |dependent_f| dependent_f.method("#{reject_platform}_only?").call }
+      end
+
+      if select_macos_version
+        compatible_dependents.select! { |dependent_f| dependent_f.compatible_with?(select_macos_version) }
+      end
+
+      (compatible_dependents - testing_formulae).present?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def add_runner?(formulae,
+                  dependents:,
+                  deleted_formulae:,
+                  reject_platform: nil,
+                  reject_arch: nil,
+                  select_macos_version: nil)
+    if dependents
+      formulae_have_untested_dependents?(
+        formulae,
+        reject_platform:      reject_platform,
+        reject_arch:          reject_arch,
+        select_macos_version: select_macos_version,
+      )
+    else
+      return true if deleted_formulae.present?
+
+      compatible_formulae = formulae.dup
+      compatible_formulae.reject! { |formula| formula.method("#{reject_platform}_only?").call } if reject_platform
+      compatible_formulae.reject! { |formula| formula.method("#{reject_arch}_only?").call } if reject_arch
+      compatible_formulae.select! { |formula| formula.compatible_with?(select_macos_version) } if select_macos_version
+
+      compatible_formulae.present?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def determine_test_runners
+    args = determine_test_runners_args.parse
+    testing_formulae = args.named.first.split(",")
+    testing_formulae.map! { |name| Formula[name] }
+                    .freeze
+    deleted_formulae = args.named.second&.split(",")
+
+    runners = []
+
+    linux_runner = ENV.fetch("HOMEBREW_LINUX_RUNNER") { raise "HOMEBREW_LINUX_RUNNER is not defined" }
+    linux_cleanup = ENV.fetch("HOMEBREW_LINUX_CLEANUP") { raise "HOMEBREW_LINUX_CLEANUP is not defined" }
+
+    linux_runner_spec = {
+      runner:    linux_runner,
+      container: {
+        image:   "ghcr.io/homebrew/ubuntu22.04:master",
+        options: "--user=linuxbrew -e GITHUB_ACTIONS_HOMEBREW_SELF_HOSTED",
+      },
+      workdir:   "/github/home",
+      timeout:   4320,
+      cleanup:   linux_cleanup == "true",
+    }
+
+    with_env(HOMEBREW_SIMULATE_MACOS_ON_LINUX: nil) do
+      if add_runner?(
+        testing_formulae,
+        reject_platform:  :macos,
+        reject_arch:      :arm64,
+        deleted_formulae: deleted_formulae,
+        dependents:       args.dependents?,
+      )
+        runners << linux_runner_spec
+      end
+    end
+
+    # TODO: `HOMEBREW_SIMULATE_MACOS_ON_LINUX` simulates the oldest version of macOS.
+    #       Handle formulae that are dependents only on new versions of macOS.
+    with_env(HOMEBREW_SIMULATE_MACOS_ON_LINUX: "1") do
+      if add_runner?(
+        testing_formulae,
+        reject_platform:  :linux,
+        deleted_formulae: deleted_formulae,
+        dependents:       args.dependents?,
+      )
+        add_intel_runners = add_runner?(
+          testing_formulae,
+          reject_platform:  :linux,
+          reject_arch:      :arm64,
+          deleted_formulae: deleted_formulae,
+          dependents:       args.dependents?,
+        )
+        add_m1_runners = add_runner?(
+          testing_formulae,
+          reject_platform:  :linux,
+          reject_arch:      :x86_64,
+          deleted_formulae: deleted_formulae,
+          dependents:       args.dependents?,
+        )
+
+        MacOSVersions::SYMBOLS.each_value do |version|
+          macos_version = MacOS::Version.new(version)
+          next if macos_version.outdated_release? || macos_version.prerelease?
+
+          unless add_runner?(
+            testing_formulae,
+            reject_platform:      :linux,
+            select_macos_version: macos_version,
+            deleted_formulae:     deleted_formulae,
+            dependents:           args.dependents?,
+          )
+            next # No formulae to test on this macOS version.
+          end
+
+          ephemeral_suffix = "-#{ENV.fetch("GITHUB_RUN_ID")}-#{ENV.fetch("GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT")}"
+          runners << { runner: "#{macos_version}#{ephemeral_suffix}", cleanup: false } if add_intel_runners
+
+          next unless add_m1_runners
+
+          # Use bare metal runner when testing dependents on Monterey.
+          if macos_version >= :ventura || (macos_version >= :monterey && !args.dependents?)
+            runners << { runner: "#{macos_version}-arm64#{ephemeral_suffix}", cleanup: false }
+          elsif macos_version >= :big_sur
+            runners << { runner: "#{macos_version}-arm64", cleanup: true }
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    if !args.dependents? && runners.blank?
+      # If there are no tests to run, add a runner that is meant to do nothing
+      # to support making the `tests` job a required status check.
+      runners << { runner: "ubuntu-latest", no_op: true }
+    end
+
+    github_output = ENV.fetch("GITHUB_OUTPUT") { raise "GITHUB_OUTPUT is not defined" }
+    File.open(github_output, "a") do |f|
+      f.puts("runners=#{runners.to_json}")
+      f.puts("runners_present=#{runners.present?}")
+    end
+  end
+end