diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/bottle.rb b/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/bottle.rb
index 0bf317e76c..1b8279c2dd 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/bottle.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/bottle.rb
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ module Homebrew
         end
       end
 
-      _, _, bottle_cellar = Formula[f.name].bottle_specification.checksum_for(bottle_tag, exact: true)
+      _, _, bottle_cellar = Formula[f.name].bottle_specification.checksum_for(bottle_tag, no_older_versions: true)
       relocatable = [:any, :any_skip_relocation].include?(bottle_cellar)
       skip_relocation = bottle_cellar == :any_skip_relocation
 
@@ -579,6 +579,12 @@ module Homebrew
   def merge(args:)
     bottles_hash = merge_json_files(parse_json_files(args.named))
 
+    # TODO: deduplicate --no-json bottles by:
+    # 1. throwing away bottles for newer versions of macOS if their SHA256 is
+    #    identical
+    # 2. generating `all: $SHA256` bottles that can be used on macOS and Linux
+    #    i.e. need to be `any_skip_relocation` and contain no ELF/MachO files.
+
     any_cellars = ["any", "any_skip_relocation"]
     bottles_hash.each do |formula_name, bottle_hash|
       ohai formula_name
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/unbottled.rb b/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/unbottled.rb
index d7bf41554c..9966a748e2 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/unbottled.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/dev-cmd/unbottled.rb
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ module Homebrew
 
     formulae.each do |f|
       name = f.name.downcase
-      if f.bottle_specification.tag?(@bottle_tag, exact: true)
+      if f.bottle_specification.tag?(@bottle_tag, no_older_versions: true)
         puts "#{Tty.bold}#{Tty.green}#{name}#{Tty.reset}: already bottled" if any_named_args
         next
       end
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/extend/os/mac/utils/bottles.rb b/Library/Homebrew/extend/os/mac/utils/bottles.rb
index 03a302a0ca..b27a934194 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/extend/os/mac/utils/bottles.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/extend/os/mac/utils/bottles.rb
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ module Utils
 
       alias generic_find_matching_tag find_matching_tag
 
-      def find_matching_tag(tag, exact: false)
+      def find_matching_tag(tag, no_older_versions: false)
         # Used primarily by developers testing beta macOS releases.
-        if exact || (OS::Mac.prerelease? && Homebrew::EnvConfig.developer? &&
-                     Homebrew::EnvConfig.skip_or_later_bottles?)
+        if no_older_versions ||
+           (OS::Mac.prerelease? && Homebrew::EnvConfig.developer? && Homebrew::EnvConfig.skip_or_later_bottles?)
           generic_find_matching_tag(tag)
         else
           generic_find_matching_tag(tag) ||
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/software_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/software_spec.rb
index 6c6da77d32..03323328b8 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/software_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/software_spec.rb
@@ -485,9 +485,9 @@ class BottleSpecification
     cellar == :any_skip_relocation
   end
 
-  sig { params(tag: T.any(Symbol, Utils::Bottles::Tag), exact: T::Boolean).returns(T::Boolean) }
-  def tag?(tag, exact: false)
-    checksum_for(tag, exact: exact) ? true : false
+  sig { params(tag: T.any(Symbol, Utils::Bottles::Tag), no_older_versions: T::Boolean).returns(T::Boolean) }
+  def tag?(tag, no_older_versions: false)
+    checksum_for(tag, no_older_versions: no_older_versions) ? true : false
   end
 
   # Checksum methods in the DSL's bottle block take
@@ -532,14 +532,14 @@ class BottleSpecification
 
   sig {
     params(
-      tag:   T.any(Symbol, Utils::Bottles::Tag),
-      exact: T::Boolean,
+      tag:               T.any(Symbol, Utils::Bottles::Tag),
+      no_older_versions: T::Boolean,
     ).returns(
       T.nilable([Checksum, Symbol, T.any(Symbol, String)]),
     )
   }
-  def checksum_for(tag, exact: false)
-    collector.fetch_checksum_for(tag, exact: exact)
+  def checksum_for(tag, no_older_versions: false)
+    collector.fetch_checksum_for(tag, no_older_versions: no_older_versions)
   end
 
   def checksums
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/test/dev-cmd/bottle_spec.rb b/Library/Homebrew/test/dev-cmd/bottle_spec.rb
index eed8931c9e..40ef2ed4f7 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/test/dev-cmd/bottle_spec.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/test/dev-cmd/bottle_spec.rb
@@ -493,37 +493,43 @@ describe "brew bottle" do
       end
     end
 
-    specify "::merge_json_files" do
-      bottles_hash = homebrew.merge_json_files(
-        [hello_hash_big_sur, hello_hash_catalina, unzip_hash_big_sur, unzip_hash_catalina],
-      )
+    describe "::merge_json_files" do
+      it "merges JSON files" do
+        bottles_hash = homebrew.merge_json_files(
+          [hello_hash_big_sur, hello_hash_catalina, unzip_hash_big_sur, unzip_hash_catalina],
+        )
 
-      hello_hash = bottles_hash["hello"]
-      expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["cellar"]).to eq("any_skip_relocation")
-      expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["filename"]).to eq("hello-1.0.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz")
-      expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["local_filename"]).to eq("hello--1.0.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz")
-      expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["sha256"]).to eq(
-        "a0af7dcbb5c83f6f3f7ecd507c2d352c1a018f894d51ad241ce8492fa598010f",
-      )
-      expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["cellar"]).to eq("any_skip_relocation")
-      expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["filename"]).to eq("hello-1.0.catalina.bottle.tar.gz")
-      expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["local_filename"]).to eq("hello--1.0.catalina.bottle.tar.gz")
-      expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["sha256"]).to eq(
-        "5334dd344986e46b2aa4f0471cac7b0914bd7de7cb890a34415771788d03f2ac",
-      )
-      unzip_hash = bottles_hash["unzip"]
-      expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["cellar"]).to eq("any_skip_relocation")
-      expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["filename"]).to eq("unzip-2.0.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz")
-      expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["local_filename"]).to eq("unzip--2.0.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz")
-      expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["sha256"]).to eq(
-        "16cf230afdfcb6306c208d169549cf8773c831c8653d2c852315a048960d7e72",
-      )
-      expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["cellar"]).to eq("any")
-      expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["filename"]).to eq("unzip-2.0.catalina.bottle.tar.gz")
-      expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["local_filename"]).to eq("unzip--2.0.catalina.bottle.tar.gz")
-      expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["sha256"]).to eq(
-        "d9cc50eec8ac243148a121049c236cba06af4a0b1156ab397d0a2850aa79c137",
-      )
+        hello_hash = bottles_hash["hello"]
+        expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["cellar"]).to eq("any_skip_relocation")
+        expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["filename"]).to eq("hello-1.0.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz")
+        expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["local_filename"]).to eq("hello--1.0.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz")
+        expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["sha256"]).to eq(
+          "a0af7dcbb5c83f6f3f7ecd507c2d352c1a018f894d51ad241ce8492fa598010f",
+        )
+        expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["cellar"]).to eq("any_skip_relocation")
+        expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["filename"]).to eq("hello-1.0.catalina.bottle.tar.gz")
+        expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["local_filename"]).to eq("hello--1.0.catalina.bottle.tar.gz")
+        expect(hello_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["sha256"]).to eq(
+          "5334dd344986e46b2aa4f0471cac7b0914bd7de7cb890a34415771788d03f2ac",
+        )
+        unzip_hash = bottles_hash["unzip"]
+        expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["cellar"]).to eq("any_skip_relocation")
+        expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["filename"]).to eq("unzip-2.0.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz")
+        expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["local_filename"]).to eq("unzip--2.0.big_sur.bottle.tar.gz")
+        expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["big_sur"]["sha256"]).to eq(
+          "16cf230afdfcb6306c208d169549cf8773c831c8653d2c852315a048960d7e72",
+        )
+        expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["cellar"]).to eq("any")
+        expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["filename"]).to eq("unzip-2.0.catalina.bottle.tar.gz")
+        expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["local_filename"]).to eq("unzip--2.0.catalina.bottle.tar.gz")
+        expect(unzip_hash["bottle"]["tags"]["catalina"]["sha256"]).to eq(
+          "d9cc50eec8ac243148a121049c236cba06af4a0b1156ab397d0a2850aa79c137",
+        )
+      end
+
+      # TODO: add deduplication tests e.g.
+      # it "deduplicates JSON files with matching macOS checksums"
+      # it "deduplicates JSON files with matching OS checksums" do
     end
 
     describe "#merge_bottle_spec" do
diff --git a/Library/Homebrew/utils/bottles.rb b/Library/Homebrew/utils/bottles.rb
index adcf14a0f3..4b13056151 100644
--- a/Library/Homebrew/utils/bottles.rb
+++ b/Library/Homebrew/utils/bottles.rb
@@ -87,6 +87,8 @@ module Utils
 
       sig { params(value: Symbol).returns(T.attached_class) }
       def self.from_symbol(value)
+        return new(system: :all, arch: :all) if value == :all
+
         @all_archs_regex ||= begin
           all_archs = Hardware::CPU::ALL_ARCHS.map(&:to_s)
           /
@@ -118,7 +120,9 @@ module Utils
 
       sig { returns(Symbol) }
       def to_sym
-        if macos? && arch == :x86_64
+        if system == :all && arch == :all
+          :all
+        elsif macos? && arch == :x86_64
           system
         else
           "#{arch}_#{system}".to_sym
@@ -204,22 +208,26 @@ module Utils
 
       sig {
         params(
-          tag:   T.any(Symbol, Utils::Bottles::Tag),
-          exact: T::Boolean,
+          tag:               T.any(Symbol, Utils::Bottles::Tag),
+          no_older_versions: T::Boolean,
         ).returns(
           T.nilable([Checksum, Symbol, T.any(Symbol, String)]),
         )
       }
-      def fetch_checksum_for(tag, exact: false)
+      def fetch_checksum_for(tag, no_older_versions: false)
         tag = Utils::Bottles::Tag.from_symbol(tag) if tag.is_a?(Symbol)
-        tag = find_matching_tag(tag, exact: exact)&.to_sym
+        tag = find_matching_tag(tag, no_older_versions: no_older_versions)&.to_sym
         return self[tag][:checksum], tag, self[tag][:cellar] if tag
       end
 
       private
 
-      def find_matching_tag(tag, exact: false)
-        tag if key?(tag.to_sym)
+      def find_matching_tag(tag, no_older_versions: false)
+        if key?(tag.to_sym)
+          tag
+        elsif key?(:all)
+          Tag.from_symbol(:all)
+        end
       end
     end
   end